![]() 8 In the same way early "good objects" become internalized, "Good" and "bad" oblects become separated by processes of splitting because of the primitiveness of the infantile psyche. This precursor can be developed further into a superego. She explains this specific fear by the introjection of an early fear object ("bad object"), which leads to a primitive biting (also cannibalizing or cutting) superego precursor. Klein for instance describes how one-year-old children had the fear of being eaten up. Early object relations, which were determined by primitive forms of anxiety, according to Klein built the foundation for the introjection of early superego aspects. She postulated early states of the Oedipus complex already in the first year of life. 7 The early object theorist Melanie Klein assumed that the development of the superego begins much earlier than Freud wrote. An "object relation" is a specific affectively-toned relation between a certain object-imago and a selfimago. ![]() 6įreud's thoughts on the genesis of the superego were determined primarily by his instinct theory in later theoretical approaches the aspects of object relations became more stressed. Today, usually the term "superego" labels the inner forbidding instance, while the term "ego ideal" is used to label the model functions for the individual. 5 Freud used the concepts of superego and ego ideal synonymously. The ongoing representational processes - the transformation of object relations into a complex of inner objects - depend according to Freud on the decline of the Oedipus complex in its positive and negative form. ![]() According to Freud, the superego emerges as an internalization of parental commands and prohibitions. SUPEREGO AND INTERNALIZED OBJECT RELATIONSįreud introduced the concept of the superego in 1923 in his essay "The Id and the Ego." He understood the superego as the part of the ego which values actions, feelings and thoughts of the individual. The latter show the greatest number of defense mechanisms, the highest degree of empathy and the widest relations to others.įinally, all 20 autobiographers will be categorized, showing the historical change of personality structures. The narcissistic personalities are more integrated, and the neurotics show the highest degree of integration. The less integrated personality structure is that of the borderline personality. Then the three personality structures will be ranked according their degree of psychologcl integration. ![]() Each personality type will be illustrated by historical representatives. Following Kernberg, the three already-mentioned personality structures wilt be sketched. This article includes the following steps: First, the concept of the superego will be described roughly together with its connection to personality structures and internalized oblect relations. These theoretical assumptions shall be proved empirically. According to this assumption, this change causes new historical personalities with new superego configurations, developing new forms of relationships, new traumata and new psychologicalĭefense mechanisms and coping strategies. The following article is based on the psychohistorical assumption that the history of childhood has to be centrally seen as a history of change of the parent-child relationship. Burkard Zink's description of his life, part of a bigger chronicle, is seen as the first modern German autobiography and contains a representation of his childhood and youth, of his years of apprent~eship and his founding a family of his own. 3 After these mystical autobiographies there followed historically the development of the secular autobiography in the fifteenth century. In fact, before him some mystics have written autobiographies or at least some autobiographical passages in their religious writings. 2 The mystic Heinrich Seuse (Henry Suso, born around 1295) is usually taken to be the first author of a German language autobiography. The first German language autobiographies stem from the surrounding of the mystical experience. For this purpose, six autobiographers will be examined, and at the end of the article they will be categorized into three different personality types: borderline, narcissistic and neurotic personality structure. In this article the main emphasis is a bit different, focussing on the consequences of a certain childhdod for the adult. These autobiographies were already used in two detailed studies in order to reconstruct the historical parent-child relation. In the following article I survey the historical evolution of childhood and personality structure by analyzing the 20 earliest German autobiographies from the 13th to the 17th century. Childhood and Fantasies of Medieval Mystics, Dr. "The psychodynamics of mystics, their symbol formationsĪnd also emotionally and sexually abused as children." The Evolution of Childhood, Personality Structure and Superego in Germany (1200-1700)
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